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Sea Water Desalination is an equipment used to convert sea water into fresh water (process water) by evaporation. At the power plant is used as process water to be used in the generation process to produce electricity. Water desalination results that standard specifications as boiler feed water. Boiler is a device used to convert water into steam fresh. Steam is used to rotate the turbine generator that will produce electricity.

Sea Water Thermal Desalination grouped into two MSF (Multi Stage Flash) and MED (Multi Effect Distillation). At the power plant that is often used is a type of MSF.

The MSF type desalination package has 2 type is once-through and recirculation. The once-through, water from the desalination of sea will be processed and then immediately returned to the sea. While in recirculation type, sea water desalination will be processed at some later thrown into the sea and partly restored in the desalination process. In the recirculation type desalination, water is used as feed water is and TSS lower. Earlier in the treatment of water to get the TSS low to maintain a stable process in Sea Water Desalination Recirculation type.

Figure 1. MSF with Once-Through

MSF type desalination package uses this principle to convert sea water into the distillate. In MSF with recirculation process, the evaporator is divided into two parts, one called the heat Recovery and the other part is the heat reject section, which has some number of stages. Each stage consists of a flash chamber and condenser. The number of stages is chosen depending on the capacity and thermal efficiency. The typical MSF with recirculation process is illustrated in FIG. 2.

Figure 2. MSF with Recirculation

In this system, the heat input to the process is through the existing steam on the tube in the brine heater and transferred to sea water flowing in the tube. Most of the heat input to the heat rejected refused passage through sea water cooling, which are returned to the sea. Steam produced at the final stage flows into the condenser and condensed on the outer surface of the tube, handed latent heat with sea water flowing in the tube.

MSF (Multi-Level Flash) type Desalination Package, which is listed as a thermal desalination process, consists of a flash evaporator, the brine heater, vacuum system by means of steam jet ejector vents, brine blowdown pump, pump distillate, brine recycle pumps, condensate pumps and chemical dosing systems anti-scale / anti-chemical foam as basic equipment.

An evaporation of the liquid when heated to the boiling point, 100 deg.C under atmospheric pressure. It evaporation of the liquid occurs also under higher pressure than the atmosphere, or under vacuum when corresponding temperature liquid. When the liquid flows into the space where the pressure is maintained below the corresponding saturation temperature of the liquid, it immediately begins to evaporate. Instant evaporation is known as' Flash evaporation '. And if the room is connected to another level, where the pressure is kept lower, with suitable sealing device through which the liquid flows, liquid flash evaporates in successfully space. 

Vapors from the liquid that is produced by the evaporation of theoretically pure substance involves no may exist or be dissolved in the liquid, so that it becomes pure water when condensed. In the multi-stage evaporator, creatures heated to evaporate sea water as it flows into the first stage space. Flashing to the appropriate temperature and pressure maintained in first floor. Steam generated in each flash chamber flows upward to the condenser through the mist separator and down as a thin film on the outside of the heat exchanger tubes arranged horizontally, where it condenses to form a distillate. As the steam condenses on the outside of the tube, it heats the water in the sea tube, which flows to a higher temperature level. The distillate is collected in the distillate balances and flows naturally from stage to stage through connecting the distillate trough levels without pumping and sensible heat is returned to the process by re-flashing of the hot liquid as they enter each next level becomes low pressure. Finally, the distillate is drawn by the distillate pump. Flash evaporation occurs at every level of the evaporator water temperatures decrease. It flashing sea water (salt water) to flow naturally through the sealing between the level and repeat the Flash evaporation in each level where the pressure is maintained relatively low levels. In the last room of flash rate, part of the salt water is concentrated by removing the vapor removed as drained by pumping brine blowdown. The balance of salt water mixed with treated makeup sea ​​water to reduce the concentration of the salt is extracted with water pumps and circulating loop as salt water recirculation system. Brine recirculation incorporated into the heat recovery condenser to condense the steam produced at this level, when being heated by the latent heat released from steam. Recirculation further heated salt water in salt water heated to a terminal / temperature (top brine temperature) by LP steam is supplied from the outside before entering the first stage of the evaporator. All the LP steam is used to turn the heat to heat the brine recirculation and transfer latent heat. Publication LP steam is extracted by the condensate pump and then cooled by conditioning condensate. 

Sea water supplied was first introduced into the hot condenser rejected as a cooling medium to condense the steam produced at the rate of heat dissipation. After passing through the heat rejected section, part of the sea water cooling is used to make-up and put in the last stage of the evaporator with internal spray header deaeration and the rest thrown into the sea rejects water system. Vacuum in the unit was originally created by the ejector monopoly. Then two floors, steam jet hole Ejector maintain vacuum by removing air leaks in the gas condenses more continued acquitted of make-up water and brine. 2 ventilation vents of the ejector discharge to atmosphere through the condenser ejector. To minimize the possibility of a decrease in the efficiency of the unit due to the formation of scale on the condenser tubes, feed water treatment by the anti-scale chemical dosing systems have been. Sodium bi-sulfite is also injected into the water make-up for de-chlorination. When highly chlorinated seawater is fed to the evaporator, the bromine gas is released from the make-up water / recycle brine and causes following problems. One is corrosion problem on copper alloy tubes and stainless steel. Another is

degradation of distillate quality of conductivity and lower pH.

This DC Power system is designed to supply DC electric power that is protected from abnormal occurrencess on the public electricity supply. A voltage dropper is a controlled voltage stabilizing device. It is used for maintaining the voltage at the load within a given range of typical +/- 10% of the nominal voltage, if the voltage range of the connected battery is larger than the voltage range of the connected load.

Figure 1. Block Diagram DC UPS

The equipment always consist of two independent systems with a common distribution board. Each half system consist of two major part.

Figure 2. Block Diagram Rectifier /chargers and the Batteries.

In order to observe the given output voltage range, the diodes are activated in flow direction, if the battery charge voltage is too high; or deactivated, if the battery discharge voltage is too low. This is controlled by means of maximally 4 diode stages.

Rectifier Charger

Converts the Primary AC supply to regulated DC voltage which charges the battery, powers the inverter and therefore the load. It operates in four  possible modes, float mode, AC supply fail mode, Charge mode, Boost mode.

Battery

This storage energy from the charger to be used during a power cut when it will discharge to power the load. The autonomy of the system during a mains fail depends on the amp-hour capacity of the installed battery. Since the 2 chargers/batteries are independent of each other, the mode of one is linked ia the distibution board to the other.

Figure 3. Normal Mode

If only one charger supply fails, the other charger will continue to feed the load. If both charger supplies fail, both charger are stopped and the batteries feed the load

Figure 4. Primary AC Supply Fail Mode

The charger stops and the battery powers the load. The DC voltage falls and the following alarms. When the primary AC suply returns the charger will start in float mode after a short AC supply failure or charge mode after a long AC supply failure.

Type of steam turbine based on the direction of flow:

Basic Principles:

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE

1. Low pressure from 1.2 to 2 atmAbs

2. Pressure Medium <4 atmAbs

3. High Pressure> 40 atmAbs

4. Pressure Very High 170 atmAbs T 550º C

5. Critical Pressure 225 atmAbs

1. Turbine Single Cylinder

2. Turbine Many Cylinder

3. Multi Axial Turbine

1. Axial Turbine

2. Radial Turbines

1. Impulse Turbine

2. Reaction Turbine

3. Combination Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)

1. Condensing Steam Turbine

2. Without Condensing Steam Turbine

3. Turbine With Re-Heating

4. Turbine With Extraction

5. Pressure Turbine With Mixed

1. The rotor (the moving part)

2. Turbine Blade

3. The Home Turbine

4. The stator (part Silence)

1. Batch

2. Splash / Sparks

3. Intermittent / Intermittent alternating

4. Lubrication Press

Boiler is a closed vessel in which water pressure and is converted into steam by heating continuously. Boilers produce steam according to requirement (Temperature, Pressure, Quality).

Heat transfer in the boiler:

The working principle of boilers in general:

Classification According to Heat Source:

1. Based on the result of fuel combustion

2. Utilizing the exhaust gas (Flue Gas) → WHB

3. elektrical boiler

4. Nuclear boiler

Classification by type of tube:

1. Fire tube boiler

2. Water tube boiler

Classification based on pressure:

1. 8.3 kg / cm² - 16.5 kg / cm² → Low

2. 16.6 kg / cm² - 51.5 kg / cm² → Medium

3. 51.6 kg / cm² - 144.5 kg / cm² → High

4. 144.6 kg / cm² - 227.5 kg / cm² → Very High

Boiler safety:

1. Safety Valve (PSV).

2. Estimates of Glass (Glass Level)

3. Nanometer (Gauge pressure)

4. Steam Valve stem cover (NRV)

5. Valve Wasters (Valve for blowdown)

6. Whistle danger (alarm)

Definition of Steam Turbine

Steam turbine is a machine that converts the energy conversion from steam heat energy into mechanical energy. Mechanical energy from the steam turbine is used to drive the equipment, such as electric generators, pumps, compressors and so on.

Working Principle Steam Turbine

To play the required number of times steam turbine steam generated from the boiler to the level of a certain state of steam, the steam then flows into the nozzle with the intent of changing the potential energy into kinetic energy. Vapor emanating from the nozzle directed to the blade or blades mounted curved around the turbine wheel and shaft which is a unit called roads or turbine rotor blade. Changes in the speed of steam because it hits the blades of the stimulation of the road so that the rotating blades of the turbine shaft. After the steam impingement blade path, the steam flows through the blade gap and diverted following the curve of the blade path. To take advantage of the kinetic energy as possible, arranged steam leaving the turbine with a speed as low as possible. To realize this, the blade path, more than one line. After the steam leaving the first blade, vapor velocity direction must be changed before entering the next blade path through the fixed blade with a fixed pressure.

                                               Figure 1 Chart Steam Turbine Parts

Classification of Steam Turbine

Steam turbines can be classified depending on the construction, the process of absorption of heat from steam, steam conditions entering and exiting the turbine and usage in the industry.

• Under Pressure Steam Turbine Login

a. Low-pressure turbine, the steam entering the turbine pressure between 1.2 to 2 ata (atm abs)

b. Intermediate pressure turbine, the steam entering the turbine pressure less than 4 ata

c. High-pressure turbine, the steam entering the turbine pressure above 40 ata

d. Very high pressure turbine, the steam entering the turbine pressure of 170 ata, with temperatures of 550 ° C or more

e. Critical pressure turbine, the steam entering the turbine pressure reached 225 ata.

• Based on the Structure of Cylinder Or Casing

a. Single cylinder turbine (single case)

b. Turbine tandem compound cylinders (tandem compound casing), where the turbines there are two or more cylinders that are on one shaft, usually used to drive electric generators

c. Cylinder cross compound turbine (cross compound casing), at which the turbine shaft arrangement has two or more that are not on one line and each shaft drives a generator of electricity.

Figure 2 Structure of Cylinder Based Turbine type or Casing

• Under the Direction of Steam Flow in Cylinder

a. Axial turbine, where the steam flow direction parallel to the axis of the turbine

b. Radial turbine, where the steam flow direction perpendicular to the axis of the turbine.

• Based Action Movement Against Vapor Blade

a. Impulse turbine, where the steam potential energy changes into kinetic energy only occurs at the nozzle or slit formed on the fixed blade

b. Reaction turbine, where the steam potential energy changes into kinetic energy occurs in fixed blade and the blade as well as a decrease in the potential energy takes place evenly

c. Steam turbine combination.

Figure 3 Impulse Turbine and the Turbine Blade Reaction

• Based Absorption Process Heat

a. Condensing steam turbine (condensing turbine), where the steam turbine output pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure (28 mmHg).

b. Back pressure steam turbine (back press turbine), where the steam turbine output is lower than the vapor pressure of entry, but is higher than atmospheric pressure

c. Extraction condensing steam turbine (extraction condensing turbine), where the steam turbine output there are two kinds of lower vapor pressure of the steam entering the turbine as the forth and vapor pressure lower than atmospheric pressure as the condensing turbine.

d. Steam turbine with reheat (reheat condensing turbine), where high-pressure steam turbine output is heated back to the boiler to further put pressure turbine medium or low pressure.

Figure 4 Various Turbine Based Absorption Process Heat

• Based on Use in Industry

a. Stationary steam turbine with a constant rotation, usually used to drive electric generators

b. Stationary steam turbine with variable rotation, boasanya used to drive pumps, compressors, blowers, etc.

c. Steam turbines are not stationary with variable rotation, usually used for the drive that is connected directly to the machine being played, such as locomotives, ships and so on

Rotor

Rotating turbine parts consisting of the shaft and the wheel which serves to move the activity generated by the blades of steam on the way to the dispenser shaft power directly or through a reduction gear transmission (gear box).

Figure 1 Rotor Turbine

Blade

Place the steam potential energy changes into kinetic energy as well as a steam expansion. When the rotor rotates at high speed, there is a centrifugal force that tried to break blades - the rotor blade from the holder.

Figure 2 Turbine Blade

Turbine house

Consists of the top and bottom, where there is a fixed nozzle and turbine blades. The function of nozzle is to convert the potential energy of the steam into kinetic energy.

Lubrication System

There are several functions of lubricants, which are:

a. As a film that serves to reduce friction between two objects rub against each other

b. As the cooling medium

c. As a media shock absorbers

d. As the media drive

Steam turbine lubrication system is very important, because the working turbine that spins so much friction, and high temperature turbine work. Here the film functions as a lubricant to reduce friction and as a cooling medium is needed.

The various ways of lubrication, including:

a. Batch, the objects immersed lubricated

b. Sprinkling (splash)

c. Intermittent

d. lubrication press

Part - the part of the lubrication system is:

a. The main lube pump (main oil pump)

b. Auxiliary lubrication pump (auxiliary oil pump)

c. Pump lubricant emergency (emergency oil pump)

d. Cooling lubricant (lube oil cooler)

e. Sieve lubricant (lube oil filter)

f. Tank (reservoir)

Governor

Speed steam turbines are generally tailored to the needs of the engine rotation speed driven on the specified load. Load change must be accompanied by changes in the ability of the turbine, this change is done by adjusting the amount of steam that goes to the governor as using speed sensor.

Seal

To prevent leakage of steam from the high pressure turbine stage to the atmosphere and to prevent the ingress of air into the low pressure turbine stage, then mounted seal. In general seals used are:

a. Carbon packing rings

b. The combination of the labyrinth seal and the ring carbon

c. The combination of the water seals and labyrinth seals

Trip and Throttle Valve

Valves control the flow rate of steam into the turbine to match the desired flow rate governor. This valve is driven by media pressure generated by lubricating oil or manually with a hand wheel that moves the valve spindle. When one of the tripping device works, then the flow of lubricating oil to the valve will cut off which causes the valve is closed by spring working against the pressure of the lubricant.

Figure 3 Trip and Throttle Valve

Tripping System

A tool that serves as a safety turbine in the event of disruption in order to avoid further damage.

Some of the tripping system on the turbine are:

a. Over speed

b. Axial displacement

c. Lube oil pressure low

d. Steam inlet temperature of low and high

e. Gland seal steam supply low and high temperatures

Rankine cycle is a cycle that occurs in the steam power system as a whole. This cycle can be used to determine the performance of the equipment - equipment that is on the system. For the Rankine cycle working on a steam turbine generator , for example, can be described as follows:

Figure 1 Ideal and Actual Rankine Cycle At STG

where:

There are several methods to locate the turbine efficiency, one with the mass and energy balance calculations, where the mass and energy balance is the ratio between the total mass of the incoming and outgoing steam turbine with pressure and temperature with the power generated by the generator. Scheme of the mass balance and the energy in the steam turbine generator  can be described as follows:

Figure 2 Scheme of Equilibrium Mass and Energy 51 G 2

with reference to the mass and energy balance scheme above, then to calculate the theoretical power turbine can be formulated as follows:

and to calculate the actual turbine power can be formulated:

In the calculation of this efficiency, the daily data were taken at random in July 2009 as many as 10 data and will be calculated:

a. Actual efficiency  on the daily load

b. Actual turbine efficiency compared with that seen in the data manufacturing steam folder 

MPS blowing steam line is an activity to clean the pipe line made of stainless steel or carbon steel. The pipeline will be used as a medium distribution of steam to turn turbines. Steam blowing should be taken to avoid damage to the turbine blades are caused by dirt or gram-gram of material that hit the pipe along the steam turbine. This is mostly done on the installation of new pipes on power plant projects, exploration of oil resources, geothermal energy or the refinery to process a power plant or other thermal processes.

Things to do before Steam Blowing is there should be a source of steam for blowing line. We could use a portable type fire tube boilers or also utilize geothermal resources of geothermal plants already built. There are many other alternatives that can be used in addition to some of the things that I mentioned earlier. If steam blowing we did in the refinery that has been built before, then we stay connected through tie-in that we design according to the needs of steam that will be used.

Stages  we have to do before blowing steam will be done by reviewing some aspects of quality, quantity and safety of humans and equipment, among others:

Pre checks and preparation items:

1. Line checks (all) of MP steam line

Things that should be considered and implemented during a line check are:

- All valves are in the line to be closed

- Marking blind instaled on the P & ID

   Matching with the P & ID, if the field does not exist, it can be marked on the P & ID

- Marking punch any item on the P & ID

  If the field is found unsuitable, such as plastic, it must be cleaned or not in accordance with the P & ID can be recorded.

2. Install and warming Barricade tape

3. Leak check by using water

4. Air Vent

5. Steam blowing

In the implementation of blowing steam, to measure the success level of cleanliness of line pipe used diblowing the target plate which is mounted on an end point in the blowing pipe. At the end point in pairs silincer to muffle the sound as well as a medium to discard the dirt that is in the pipeline. Target plate installed on the line between the block valve silincer silincer for operator safety in the placement of the target plate. Target Plate used is made of copper. For how to install the Target Plate can be seen in the following video tutorial:

Steps - steps taken during a Steam Blowing,

1. Warm up the steam line to be blowing to dispose of steam condensate trapped in the line. Unblock valve by-pass of the source MP Steam. After the steam out of the downstream line in blowing, then open the valve block from the source MP Steam, condensate perlahansehingga is really wasted.

2. Once dry steam, Do Flushing line during the specified time ± 120 minutes

3. After the Flushing line are met, put the target plate at a predetermined

4. Adjust the valve in accordance with the needs of the steam flow that will be used for steam blowing.

5. Perform steam blowing over a specified time, usually ± 30 minutes.

6. After the specified time is reached, do cooling down the line that diblowing by closing the valve on the source MP Steam slowly.

7. Take the target plate and do the analysis.

8. If you still have not met hygiene indicators, do steam blowing again from the first step.